Livelihood implications for employees of outsourced solid waste management in Tanzanian local government authorities

BackgroundWhile the outsourcing of solid waste management SWM in local government authorities LGAs has documented successes, its impact on employe wellbeing remains unexplored.ObjectiveThis study investigated the livelihood implications for employees within outsourced SWM companies in Tanzanian LGAs.MethodsThe study applied a qualitative approach. The data were collected through FGD, interviews and documents review from both companies officials and employees N = 110.ResultsResults showed that employees engaged in SWM work under hazardous conditions, lacking personal protective equipment, proper contracts, and adequate social security benefits like health and pension fund registration. Moreover, their remuneration is unattractive and insufficient to sustain a basic livelihood, leaving their overall livelihood severely impoverished.ConclusionWhile outsourcing in solid waste management within Tanzanian local governments aligns with employment-generation objectives under outsourcing theory, the reality is characterized by weak labor protections, low and irregular wages, and limited access to social security, which deviate from both theoretical expectations and legal standards. These deficiencies directly undermine the livelihoods of workers, exposing them to income instability, occupational risks, and economic vulnerability.