We present a theoretical framework for constructing defect-free, spectrally and spatially reconfigurable arrays of electron qubits on liquid helium surfaces. Addressing the scalability challenges of current architectures, we propose a planar device design utilizing segmented graphene gates suspended at a uniform height. Instead of relying on complex 3D geometric structuring to differentiate qubits, we exploit the unique electronic properties of graphene: by individually tuning the Fermi level of each gate segment, we modulate the screening of the image charge potential via the density-dependent Thomas–Fermi mechanism. This approach leverages the intrinsic field-effect tunability of the Dirac electron gas to achieve a functionality unattainable with conventional metallic gates. This allows for all-electrical, site-specific control of the Rydberg transition frequencies ( > 150 MHz detuning) and inter-qubit interactions. The proposed platform combines the exceptional coherence of electrons on helium ( T 2 ∼ 1 s) with the dynamic reconfigurability of optical tweezer arrays. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the device physics, explicitly resolving the trade-off between tunability and charge noise sensitivity via optimal point biasing. Furthermore, we outline protocols for high-fidelity readout using parametric amplification or local graphene sensing. This architecture paves the way for scalable quantum simulation of Fermi–Hubbard models and fault-tolerant quantum computing, establishing suspended 2D materials as critical enablers for next-generation quantum hardware.
Kiiamov et al. (2026) studied this question.