Flat glass waste from building demolition is an underused resource with potential to reduce the climate impact of construction materials. This study compares two recycling pathways for flat glass waste: the first is closed-loop recycling into new glass, and the second is the use of glass in concrete as a replacement for cement. The comparison is based on life cycle, circularity assessment and experimental evaluation of concrete performance. Recycling flat glass into new glass can reduce emissions by 945 kg CO2eq per ton of recycled glass when the production mix contains 65 percent recycled content. However, only between 1 and 3% percent of demolition flat glass is suitable for this process because of contamination and quality limitations. As a result, the practical climate benefit of demolition glass in new glass production is limited to about 38 kg CO2eq per ton of demolition glass. Concrete offers a much larger waste sink. Replacing 20% of cement with milled glass powder results in emission savings of 776 kg CO2eq per ton of glass. A concrete mix containing 33% glass shows the same compressive strength as a reference mix.
Sadagopan et al. (2026) studied this question.