The impact of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on human organ development: mechanisms and clinical relevance review

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer that has raised significant concerns due to its strong endocrine-disrupting effects, which are closely associated with developmental toxicity. While previous reviews have explored DEHP’s developmental toxicity, this study uniquely focuses on recent (past 10 years) advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms behind DEHP-induced organ developmental disorders. It emphasizes key pathways involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and endocrine balance. Despite widespread human exposure to DEHP, translating preclinical findings to human health outcomes remains challenging due to variations in exposure levels, individual susceptibility, and limited clinical data. This review compiles the latest clinical research on DEHP-related developmental health risks, explicitly addressing these uncertainties and exposure-related factors. By combining new molecular insights with clinical relevance, this review offers a focused scientific basis for future research into DEHP’s developmental toxicology, bridging the gap between preclinical mechanisms and real-world human exposure outcomes.