Research on the Effects of Low-Temperature and Multiple Operating Conditions on Tire Rolling Resistance and Range

To address the increased energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs) owing to tire rolling resistance at low temperatures, this research explored the changes in EV tire rolling resistance and energy consumption at various driving speeds, environmental temperatures, tire pressures, road properties, and other conditions. The effectiveness of the developed model was validated through tire grounding and tensile experiments, and finite element simulations were performed using ABAQUS software. The results revealed that at an ambient temperature of -10 ℃, a 1.4% range loss occurred for every 10 km/h increase in the average driving speed; a 0.26% range loss was observed for every 10 kPa increase in the average tire pressure, and a 0.815% range loss was obtained for every 10 ℃ decrease in the average ambient temperature. The degree of range loss under the four different road conditions was ranked in descending order as follows: snowy road > icy and snowy road > icy road > asphalt road. The weight order of the different factors affecting the range loss of the vehicle under cold temperature conditions from high to low is as follows: driving speed > ambient temperature > tire pressure. The increase in energy consumption in EVs due to tire rolling resistance is affected by various factors, including the driving speed, ambient temperature, tire pressure, and road properties, among which the driving speed has the greatest effect.