CD44‐Targeting Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (HAP) Induce Mitochondrial Dysfunction‐Driven PANoptosis and Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) via Ca Overload in Colorectal Cancer

Key Points

• The study aims to investigate how CD44-targeting hydroxyapatite nanoparticles induce cell death processes in colorectal cancer via calcium overload.
• Utilized hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to target CD44 in colorectal cancer cells.
• Assessed mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death mechanisms, including PANoptosis.
• Analyzed the role of calcium overload and oxidative stress in triggering these cell death pathways.
• Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles caused significant mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to calcium overload (p<0.01).
• Induced a synergistic cell death process (PANoptosis) characterized by marked apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis.
• Demonstrated enhanced immunogenic potential, suggesting improved efficacy against immunotherapy resistance.

Abstract