Competence in Islam: An Exploration of Qur’ānic and Prophetic Sources

Addressing the predominantly secular and utilitarian discourse on competence, which lacks transcendent purpose, this study reconceptualizes competence through an Islamic lens. Through qualitative content analysis of the Qur’ān and hadiths (the recorded traditions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad), this study explores Islamic primary sources on quality work (khair al-‘amal). The analysis reveals a tripartite framework of competent work: al-itqān (precision & excellence), al-dawām (consistency & timeliness), and al-anfa‘ (beneficence & utility). These findings are systematically compared with contemporary Western competence literature, highlighting points of convergence and divergence. The study offers a holistic, ethically-grounded, teleologically-oriented framework for competence, reinforcing work-oriented 'competence' (vs. human-oriented 'competency') and providing a spiritually anchored (motivated by divine purpose) and ethically grounded perspective for global HRD, particularly for Muslim contexts. This framework also speaks to leadership and management practices oriented toward the flourishing of life, work, and society.