The Effect of Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) Concentration and Gene Polymorphism (L55M, Q192R Common Codons Gene Variant) with T2D Development Case–Control Study in Iraqi Populations

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), also referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), is a prevalent and chronic metabolic condition marked by high levels of sugar in the bloodstream, a condition known as hyperglycemia. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) plays a role in inhibiting lipid peroxidation and has been linked to conditions marked by elevated oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular ailments and diabetes. Objective: We conducted a study to explore the connection between PON1 levels and genetic variations (Q192R, L55M) in relation to the occurrence of T2D within Iraqi populations. Materials and Methods: In this case–control study, included 200 subjects diagnosed as (T2D) and 200 subjects without any health problems as our study participants. The technique employed specific allele discrimination real-time PCR, which utilizes probe-based RT-PCR, to investigate the genotypes of PON1 rs662 (Q192R T>C) and rs854560 (L55M A>T). Additionally, we conducted a standard biochemical analysis according to established protocols for other biochemical measurements. Results: The R and M alleles exhibited a significant association with susceptibility to T2D, demonstrating odds ratios (OR) of 1.40 (95% confidence interval CI: 1.04–1.82) and 1.56 (95% CI: 1.16–2.12), P value associated with these associations were 0.03 and 0.003, respectively. When compared with controls, T2D patients had significantly higher frequencies of both R and M alleles. Furthermore, the concentration of PON1 was notably lower in the patient group when compared to the healthy. Also, T2D subjects displayed increased LDL and reduced HDL levels. Conclusion: Our findings suggest an association between the development of T2D and the minor allele frequency (MAF) of both Q192R and L55M polymorphisms in the PON1 gene in Iraqi populations.