As human spaceflight extends outside of the Earth's protective magnetic field, understanding and predicting space weather effects on humans, spacecraft, communication systems, and other technology has become increasingly important. The Artemis missions will use innovative technologies to establish the first long-term presence on the Moon. Space weather plays a critical role in this undertaking as it can impact the risks of radiation exposure in deep space and the radiation environment of the Moon. The Moon to Mars Space Weather Analysis Office (M2M) located at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) was established to support NASA's Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) at Johnson Space Center (JSC) with human space exploration activities by providing novel capabilities to characterize the space radiation environment. M2M supported SRAG through the duration of the Artemis I mission with 24/7 real-time space weather analysis and hosts state of the art models and tools transitioned from the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) at NASA GSFC to forecast solar energetic particle events. In collaboration with NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), M2M validates real-time model outputs as a proving grounds for predictive capabilities that can be transitioned to operational agencies. Additionally, M2M provides support to NASA robotic missions, issuing space weather event notifications/reports and providing assessments for spacecraft anomalies. M2M human-in-the-loop analysis activities and validation efforts contribute to a research-to-operations-to-research (R2O2R) framework that is essential for developing the next generation of tools needed to support human deep space exploration for NASA's Artemis program and beyond.
Chulaki et al. (Sun,) studied this question.