Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based DLLME for simultaneous determination of triazole fungicides in grain and water samples

, respectively. Enrichment factors ranged from 593 to 1380. Ultimately, the proposed extraction method successfully detected residual TFs, achieving relative recoveries between 84.6% and 109.6% in water, wheat, and rice samples. Furthermore, this study provides comparative insights into the presence of TFs in bran compared to hulled wheat samples. The findings demonstrate that the proposed DLLME method, based on a tailored hydrophobic DPA-BZP-1:1 DES, provides a simple, low-solvent, and selective sample preparation strategy, offering an effective methodological alternative for the routine monitoring of triazole fungicide residues in agricultural products and environmental samples.