Earth as a Reactor: Carbon Mineralization Geochemistry in the Context of Emerging Subsurface Energy and Resource Technologies

injection tests in mafic-ultramafic lithologies around the world have opened a window into the reactive potential of the subsurface. Knowledge and technology gained from the decades of carbon mineralization research will push forward efforts in unlocking innovative ways to approach subsurface critical mineral resources, hydrogen generation, geothermal energy, water resource management, waste storage, gas storage, and hydrocarbon extraction. Our review describes a holistic view of subsurface mafic-ultramafic reservoirs, carbon mineralization reactions, field tests, and future opportunities for using the subsurface Earth as a Reactor.