via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. By tracking light-intensity-dependent band shifts across the ultraviolet/visible wavelength range, we directly disentangle the hitherto hidden Dember effect from the intertwined SPV and charging effects. Furthermore, we demonstrate control of the hidden Dember effect by tuning the photogenerated carrier density in quasi-equilibrium via illumination brightness, temperature, and bulk dopant concentration. This work not only extends the scope of the Dember effect to layered semiconductors but also elucidates the significant impacts of light-matter interactions in the low-illumination and low-temperature region.
Zhao et al. (2026) studied this question.