Spar-type floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) operating in deep-sea environments are subjected to coupled wind and wave excitations spanning a wide frequency range, rendering single-frequency passive damping solutions inadequate. A folded-beam nonlinear energy sink (FB-NES) is proposed for broadband vibration suppression of spar-type FOWTs. The device employs pre-buckled elastic beam arms integrated with constrained layer damping patches, and a closed-form analytical relationship between the beam geometric parameters and the nonlinear stiffness coefficients is derived, enabling direct parameter design without iterative calibration. The pre-buckled geometry introduces a negative-stiffness mechanism that substantially lowers the targeted energy transfer (TET) threshold, ensuring device engagement under all normal operational sea states. A 14-degree-of-freedom aero-hydro-elastic model of the NREL 5 MW OC3-Hywind FOWT with the FB-NES is established via the Euler–Lagrange formulation and validated against OpenFAST. Based on the numerical results under operational and extreme parked load cases, the FB-NES achieves substantial broadband vibration reductions that grow monotonically with wave severity, consistently and substantially surpassing both the optimally tuned mass damper (TMD) and a conventional cubic nonlinear energy sink of equal mass. Wavelet analysis confirms that targeted energy transfer, rather than direct viscous damping, is the dominant energy dissipation mechanism. The FB-NES also maintains effective control over a wide frequency detuning range, demonstrating superior robustness compared to the TMD.
Li et al. (2026) studied this question.