and thereby effectively suppressing nonradiative recombination. Meanwhile, FDCA formed strong interactions with the perovskite, effectively moderating its rapid crystallization and thereby promoting the dense filling and high-quality growth of the perovskite film in the triple-layer mesoscopic structure. Benefiting from the above synergistic effects of FDCA, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of FDCA-modified p-MPSCs increased significantly from 18.17% to 19.61%. Furthermore, unencapsulated FDCA-modified devices retained over 90% of their initial PCE after being stored for 100 days in ambient air (25 ± 5 °C, 40 ± 5% RH), demonstrating excellent long-term stability.
Cai et al. (Fri,) studied this question.