A 2600-year multi-proxy peat record from the Jebal Barez Mountains, South-Eastern Iran: Hydroclimatic oscillations and cultural context

This study reconstructs paleoenvironmental trends in central Kerman province over the last ~2600 years, examining hydroclimatic variability and its impacts on the landscape and culture in southeastern Iran. A multi-proxy sedimentological-geochemical approach (magnetic susceptibility, XRF, δ 13 C OM , and n-alkane proxies) was used to analyze a 160-cm peat core sequence from a bog in the Jebal Barez Mountains. From 2570 to 2200 cal yr BP, conditions were wet, punctuated by ~100 years of intensified aeolian activity, and culminated in one of the wettest intervals at c. 2300 cal yr BP. A shift to reduced effective moisture and semi-wet conditions followed (c. 2200–1550 cal yr BP), reflected in declining δ 13 C OM values, modest increases in n-alkane ratios CPI and ACL, and declining P aq . Wetter conditions re-emerged c. 1550–1200 cal yr BP, as evidenced by reduced dust input (low Ti/Al, Fe/Al), waterlogging (C/N ≈ 10), greater aquatic macrophyte abundance (higher P aq ), and lower ACL and TAR. From 1200 to 625 cal yr BP, the climate again became semi-arid, broadly coeval with the Medieval Warm Period, with enhanced aeolian input (rising Ti/Al, Fe/Al) and more negative δ 13 C OM ; unlike earlier warm phases (e.g., Bølling–Allerød and early Holocene), Indian Ocean Summer Monsoon (IOSM)-driven precipitation in southeastern Iran appears to be only weakly expressed. The Little Ice Age (c. 625–300 cal yr BP) was characterized by marked aridity and dustiness, with peaks in Ti/Al and Fe/Al, and minima in δ 13 C OM and P aq . Since 300 cal yr BP, the record indicates a gradual transition toward semi-wet conditions. Together, our results 1) refine late Holocene hydroclimate variability for the Jazmurian–Jiroft sector, 2) place local changes within a broader regional context through cross-record synthesis, and 3) highlight recent shifts relevant for climate–society interactions. • Multi-proxy peat record from SE Iran reconstructs 2600 years of hydroclimate changes. • Alternating wet–dry phases align with global events like the medieval warming and Little Ice Age. • Weak monsoon indicates regional decoupling during late Holocene warm phases. • Hydroclimatic shifts shaped landscape dynamics and cultural development in Jiroft basin.