First description of Hyalomma rufipes in Austria

• The first confirmed detection of Hyalomma rufipes- infected with Rickettsia aeschlimanii- in Austria. • Phylogenetic analysis showed that the tick’s genetic sequence matched those from countries along the Adriatic migratory bird route, suggesting avian-mediated introduction. • This was important because Hyalomma rufipes is a vector of human pathogens and its presence could signal ecological shifts or emerging health risks. • Veterinary vigilance is crucial: Hyalomma rufipes can transmit Theileria equi , which affects horses and may complicate differential diagnoses in endemic areas. • Human health risks remain low for now, but clinicians should be aware of Hyalomma-associated pathogens when treating patients with febrile illnesses after exposure. The findings underscore the need for ongoing surveillance of invasive tick species. This investigation highlights the first detection of Hyalomma rufipes in Austria (district of Lienz, East Tyrol). The tick was discovered on a horse, and it was subjected to a thorough morphological and genetic analysis to ascertain its precise species and the presence of any pathogens. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of Rickettsia aeschlimannii DNA. The identification of Hy. rufipes and R. aeschlimanii was validated through sequence analysis, specifically the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of mitochondrial DNA and the outer membrane protein A gene, respectively. Our findings indicate a single introduction event and did not reveal any evidence of an autochthonous population. Therefore, increased monitoring of alien and potential invasive tick species is strongly recommended. This case highlights that identifying newly introduced species is more probable when public awareness is high and specialised institutions are readily available to validate suspicious discoveries.