From Design to Decommissioning: Life Cycle Fault Identification, Classification, and Mitigation Framework for Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants

ABSTRACT Photovoltaic (PV) systems, like all power generation technologies, are vulnerable to a wide spectrum of faults, many of which are distinct to their structure, materials, and modes of operation. These unique fault scenarios have made PV systems an active area of research for fault prognosis and diagnosis. Much of the existing literature has concentrated on fault analysis in the context of fire hazards, safety risks, and operational malfunctions within PV power plants. Although several review studies have attempted to classify faults based on their nature, occurrence, and impact, a comprehensive framework that systematically addresses fault identification and mitigation across the entire life cycle of PV systems remains underdeveloped. This paper introduces a life‐cycle‐based framework for fault identification, classification, and mitigation in photovoltaic systems. The proposed approach organizes faults into four key phases: (i) design and pre‐deployment, (ii) commissioning and system integration, (iii) operational performance, and (iv) end‐of‐life with decommissioning. For each phase, the study highlights fault categories, their underlying mechanisms, and potential impacts on system reliability and safety. The framework further reviews conventional protection and diagnostic strategies while identifying limitations that hinder their long‐term effectiveness. Special attention is given to the role of advanced computational approaches, including machine learning (ML) and soft computing techniques, in strengthening fault resilience throughout the system's lifespan. By offering a structured and holistic perspective that spans from initial design to decommissioning, this work seeks to bridge the current gap in fault management research. The proposed framework not only enhances the understanding of PV system vulnerabilities but also provides a foundation for developing robust, scalable, and adaptive fault mitigation strategies aimed at improving the sustainability and reliability of solar power generation.