This manuscript presents a trial-level framework for assessing task-evoked fNIRS motor activation quality using physiologically motivated HbO/HbR pseudo-labelling and temporal deep learning models. The study evaluates CNN-BiLSTM, ResNet1D, and HTCNet architectures under leave-one-subject-out validation using a publicly available hand-gripping fNIRS dataset.
Ndu et al. (2026) studied this question.
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