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, OExo suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and microglial polarization, reducing neurotoxic astrocyte activation and neuronal synaptic loss. In chronic mild stress (CMS) models, intranasal OExo delivery attenuated hippocampal NLRP3 activation in microglia, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and mitigated neurotoxic astrogliosis and synaptic protein loss. Consequently, OExo treatment significantly alleviated CMS-induced anxiety, anhedonia, and depressive-like behaviors. These findings demonstrate OExo effectively ameliorate NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation in depression models, supporting their therapeutic potential.
Duan et al. (2026) studied this question.