Integrated metagenomic and culture-dependent profiling reveals electric shavers as selective reservoirs for multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens

Introduction Personal care items are commonly viewed as passive vehicles for microbial transfer; however, the physicochemical stresses they impose may actively shape microbial persistence, community composition, and the distribution of resistance-associated determinants. Electric shavers may therefore constitute an underrecognized anthropogenic niche for the enrichment of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance traits. Methods We sampled electric shavers from 10 individuals at early (day 2) and mature (day 21) usage stages, generating 8 high-quality metagenomes and recovering 97 viable isolates spanning 16 bacterial species. Deep metagenomic sequencing, combined with whole-genome sequencing of 45 representative isolates, was used to resolve the ecological, functional, and evolutionary features of shaver-associated microbiomes. Results Shaver-associated community assembly was dominated by stringent environmental filtering, which promoted the repeated enrichment of stress-adapted lineages across hosts, notably Acinetobacter ursingii MLST3244 and Klebsiella pneumoniae MLST995 and MLST23. We further identified recurrent mobile genetic element-associated resistance islands and plasmid backbones in different host cohorts, suggesting repeated selection under shared anthropogenic pressures rather than direct evidence of de novo convergent evolution. Importantly, viable Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates co-carried extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes such as bla SHV and major virulence determinants, while metagenomic profiling detected reads assigned to mcr- and tet (X)-like gene variants at the community level, targeted PCR further confirmed the presence of these resistance determinants. Discussion Because routine shaving can generate barrier-disrupting micro-abrasions, electric shavers may function as selective reservoirs for multidrug-resistant bacteria. Our findings reveal a previously overlooked exposure interface through which everyday personal care practices may promote the enrichment and persistence of clinically important resistance and virulence determinants.