= 7,464). A natural language processing tool called Contextualized Construct Representation (Chen et al., 2024) estimated HAP and LAP content in each song. Lyrics were higher on ideal than actual positive emotions. U.S. American popular songs scored higher on ideal and actual HAP, and Japanese popular songs scored higher on ideal and actual LAP. Longitudinal analyses showed that both HAP and LAP increased slightly over time in Japan, while HAP declined slightly in the United States. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Morling et al. (2026) studied this question.