Randomized trial evaluates heavy metal immobilization in Vertisol, suggesting optimal pyrolysis temperature enhances biochar efficacy.
Key Points
The aim is to evaluate how different pyrolysis temperatures affect the ability of sewage sludge biochar to immobilize heavy metals in contaminated soils.
Evaluated biochar produced at 350, 450, and 600 °C for its effectiveness in immobilizing heavy metals.
Conducted sequential extraction and principal component analysis to assess performance in tropical Vertisol.
Analyzed ecological risk indices and metal distribution among mobile and stable fractions.
SSB450 reduced potential ecological risk index from 139.06 to 65.23, a 53.1% decrease.
Mobile fraction of lead decreased from 69.5% to 35.2% with SSB450 and SSB600 applications.
SSB350 showed limited stabilization of cadmium, indicating lower effectiveness at 350 °C.