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May 17, 2026Scientific ReportsOpen Access

Comparative phytochemical and biological profiling of Trifolium rubens L. leaves, flowers, and callus cultures for cosmetic applications

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Authors

MKMarta Klimek-SzczykutowiczANAnna NowakAMAnna Muzykiewicz-Szymańska

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Overview

Randomized trial compares phytochemical profiles and bioactivity of Trifolium rubens extracts, suggesting cosmetic potential.

Key Points

  • This study aims to compare the phytochemical and biological properties of leaves, flowers, and callus cultures of Trifolium rubens.
  • HPLC-DAD analysis of leaf, flower, and callus extracts for metabolite identification
  • Evaluation of antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH assays
  • Ex vivo Franz diffusion studies for skin permeation and accumulation of genistein
  • Leaves contained the highest polyphenol levels, notably trifolin (1257.13 mg/100gDW); flowers and callus exhibited distinct isoflavonoid profiles with lesser genistein.
  • All extracts demonstrated antioxidant activities with varying IC₅₀ values (ABTS: flower 0.02 mg/mL, leaf 0.17 mg/mL; DPPH: 3.21, 3.93, 6.16 mg/mL).
  • Callus cultures showed unique isoflavonoids and bioactivity despite lower polyphenol content, indicating sustainable source potential.

Cite This Study

Klimek-Szczykutowicz et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a095b1b7880e6d24efe0e7ahttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-49836-x
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