BACKGROUND Chronic pain is a complex, multidimensional condition that severely impairs patients’ quality of life. As conventional techniques for evaluating pain are based on subjective self-reporting, these approaches have crucial drawbacks, especially for individuals with communication difficulties. Artificial intelligence (AI) provides the opportunity to complement subjective self-reports through multimodal, data-informed analysis to enhance real-time pain assessment and care. OBJECTIVE To develop, calibrate and validate AI models for automatic pain assessment (APA) in adult patients by merging physiological, behavioural and clinical data and, consequently, complement patient-reported information and support more personalised and effective pain management. DESIGN Prospective, single-centre, noninterventional study. SETTING University of Salerno Hospital, Italy. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS Adult patients (>18 years) with chronic primary or secondary pain (oncologic and nononcologic), able to provide their informed consent. The main exclusion criteria are severe psychiatric or cognitive disorders and treatment with psychotropic medications. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Predictive performance of AI models (sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC-ROC) for automatic pain assessment based on collected multimodal data. SECONDARY OUTCOMES Quality-of-life evaluation, analgesic treatment monitoring, development and analysis of a multidimensional dataset for APA and identification of correlations between clinical and physiological variables. RESULTS N/A (study ongoing). CONCLUSIONS This study will provide essential data for developing and validating integrated AI tools for objective, multidimensional pain assessment, with potential future clinical and therapeutic applications. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT07038434.
Cascella et al. (2026) studied this question.