= 1007), operationalizing a dose as two bullet points detailing the benefits of exercise. The three-dose message yielded greater exercise intentions compared to the two-dose message. A gain-framed, three-dose message generated the highest perceived benefits of exercise. Dose had a positive, indirect effect on exercise intentions via greater perceived benefits and greater perceived dose. These findings underscore the pressing need to further theorize dosage in health communication scholarship.
Lillie et al. (2026) studied this question.