This article provides an overview of major healthcare system models around the world, including the Beveridge Model, Bismarck Model, National Health Insurance, Out-of-Pocket systems, and the mixed U.S. model. It compares countries based on healthcare spending, coverage, efficiency, and patient outcomes. The article explains how financing, pooling, regulation, and service delivery shape health systems. It also discusses global challenges such as aging populations, chronic diseases, workforce shortages, digital transformation, and Universal Health Coverage reforms. The conclusion emphasizes that no single healthcare model is perfect, but universal coverage and strong public financing improve health equity and access.
Aman Singh (2026) studied this question.