I begin with an experimentally verified observational fact: Earth time is not synchronized with satellite time (gravitational time dilation and motion-induced time dilation). Starting solely from this single observational fact, I begin my derivation using Earth and satellites as reference points, then extend it to the large-scale universe. I conduct a purely logical derivation, proceeding both forward and backward simultaneously, seeking only to uncover the underlying physical mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Through repeated interdisciplinary verification, I have arrived at a minimal ontological framework for the universe: the sole fundamental entity of the universe is the discrete, indivisible time (spacetime) quantum known as “Time.” Space, gravity, matter... are all phenomena arising from the different arrangements, interweaving, entanglement, configurations, combinations, superpositions, and emergences of “Time.” Time expansion, particle formation, the nature of gravity, the elimination of black hole singularities, the measurement problem in quantum mechanics, non-locality, wave-particle duality, the tunneling effect, the origin of the universe, the structure of spacetime, the generation of matter, and the existence of life—all can be unified within this framework.
Xuyong Li (2026) studied this question.
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