Self- and Caregiver-Reported Choice-Making in Autistic Adults: Development and Validation of the AASPIRE–Choices and Decisions Scale

Self-determination has been assessed as an internal psychological construct. External factors may also affect self-determination, but opportunities to make choices and decisions remain understudied. We developed and evaluated the AASPIRE-Choices and Decisions Scale (AASPIRE-CDS), a new measure of autistic adults' opportunities to make choices and decisions, using a community-based participatory approach. We created and refined the AASPIRE-CDS through an iterative process. Data, from the AASPIRE Outcomes Project, included 839 autistic adults participating through direct report, supported direct report, and caregiver report (CR). Exploratory and confirmatory analyses supported a unidimensional structure. Measurement invariance analyses supported configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance across report type without CR, and across living status, with and without CR. The AASPIRE-CDS showed high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness to change over time. Convergent validity analyses showed that higher AASPIRE-CDS scores were associated with greater self-determination and communication fluency, more independent living, and fewer support needs. The AASPIRE-CDS showed weaker (albeit significant) associations with quality of life, overall health, and employment satisfaction than the self-determination measure showed with these variables. This pattern suggests that opportunities for choice-making are related to, but distinct from, commonly used measures of self-determination. Findings support the AASPIRE-CDS as a valid and reliable measure of choice-making opportunities in autistic adults across support needs but suggest caution interpreting CR. They underscore the importance of supporting autistic adults' choice-making and evaluating opportunities for choice alongside internal self-determination. Future research should use larger CR samples to examine the validity of caregiver-reported choice-making opportunities.