Microplastics deplete soil available nutrients: a global meta-analysis with machine learning reveals critical thresholds and interactive controls

) induced depletion 1.5-2.3-fold beyond additive expectations. These findings establish quantitative thresholds for risk assessment and demonstrate that MPs-induced nutrient limitation, observed primarily in controlled settings, could affect crop yields, necessitating interventions to prevent irreversible soil fertility degradation, though field-scale validation remains essential.