• The use of pulping waste and by-products are as bio-fuel in the new pulp mill. • The new process can reduce energy consumption by 27.57%/t pulp. • The new process can reduce CO 2 emissions by 45.17%/t pulp. • The CHP system can recover 12791.30 MJ/t pulp effective energy from biomass.
Zhu et al. (2026) studied this question.