Political Extremism Through the Lens of Indian Epics

Abstract Political extremism, characterized by rigid ideology, moral absolutism, and the justification of violence, is not solely a modern phenomenon but echoes dilemmas explored in classical literature. Indian epics such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana provide a rich ethical framework to examine the roots and consequences of extremist thought. Through concepts like dharma (righteous duty), adharma (moral transgression), and nishkama karma (action without attachment to outcomes), these texts highlight the dangers of ideological inflexibility and unchecked righteousness. Characters such as Duryodhana and Ravana exemplify how grievance, entitlement, and the manipulation of moral narratives can escalate into destructive absolutism, while figures like Krishna and Rama illustrate the importance of ethical balance, contextual judgment, and restraint. By interpreting political extremism through the lens of Indian epics, this study argues that extremism arises when moral frameworks are weaponized rather than introspected. The epics thus offer enduring insights into conflict, radicalization, and the necessity of ethical pluralism in political life.