Mn-based internal normalization of Mn-rich minerals: From handheld LIBS analysis to μLIBS imaging

Key Points

• The aim is to establish a stable internal normalizer for manganese oxides using handheld and micro-scale LIBS techniques.
• Utilized Mn(ref) at 482.352 nm as an internal normalizer for hhLIBS analysis.
• Conducted hhLIBS–μLIBS mapping to evaluate micro-scale mineral heterogeneity.
• Analyzed the effects of Mn(ref) normalization on variability and sample comparison.
• Mn(ref) normalization significantly reduces variability in spectral analysis.
• hhLIBS–μLIBS mapping reveals pronounced micro-scale heterogeneity in Mn-rich minerals.
• Trace-metal zoning is effectively visualized using the established normalization.