Abstract Curtailing the toxicity level of perovskites is a considerable obstacle resisting the wide-scale commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This study investigates the impact of implementing several charge transport layers (CTLs) on the performance of the proposed lead-free Cs 2 TiCl 6 / Cs 2 AgBiI 6 PSC employing SCAPS-1D simulations. Additionally, the effect of variations in thickness, doping, and defect concentrations of each layer has been considered to optimize the performance of the proposed device. Furthermore, various machine learning models have been trained to estimate the performance of the proposed device through a generated dataset consisting of 2187 unique data points. Results reveal that employing high quality Cs 2 TiCl 6 layer of 100\ nm thickness and 1 10^14\ cm^-3 donor doping density, above a 1000\ nm Cs 2 AgBiI 6 absorber with 1 10^18\ cm^-3 acceptor doping density can theoretically achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 32. 72 \% and a short circuit current density (J SC) of 26. 06\ mA/cm^2. Moreover, the extreme gradient boosting (XGB) model has been demonstrated to be the most effective model to predict the performance of the proposed PSC, yielding the lowest root mean square error (RMSE), and the highest coefficient of determination (R^2) among the other examined models. The findings highlight the capability of optimally engineered dual-absorber PSCs to be considered as eco-friendly, competitive alternatives to the conventional lead-based PSCs.
Elewa et al. (2026) studied this question.