School Type and Disaster Preparedness: Evaluation of Disaster Safe Educational Unit Program Implementation in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Disaster Safe Educational Unit (SPAB), internationally known as the Comprehensive School Safety (CSS) program, in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia focusing on disaster preparedness across different types of educational units. METHODS: This study employed an evaluative mixed-methods design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative data were analyzed using cross-tabulation and Chi-Square tests in IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. Semi-structured qualitative interviews with experts were conducted to support data triangulation. SAMPLE: The study included 3672 schools in DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia surveyed using an online instrument adapted from the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) monitoring framework, covering three implementation pillars: disaster-safe facilities, disaster management in schools, and disaster risk reduction education. RESULTS: The findings indicate that while progress has been made in providing disaster-safe facilities, preparedness in disaster management and disaster risk reduction education remains limited. Notably, preschools were identified as a high-priority risk group due to regulatory exclusions and resource constraints. Key challenges include a lack of teaching materials, limited resources, and insufficient expertise. CONCLUSION: Although institutional support for the SPAB is high, implementation capacity across schools remains insufficient. This study highlights the need for inclusive regulatory reinforcement, targeted capacity building for early childhood education, and the formal integration of SPAB into school budgeting to ensure resilient learning environments.