Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders affecting women of reproductive age and represents a leading cause of infertility worldwide. Although first identified in the nineteenth century and subsequently characterized by Stein and Leventhal, the underlying pathophysiology of PCOS remains complex and incompletely understood. The syndrome is heterogeneous in presentation, encompassing reproductive, metabolic, and endocrine abnormalities, including hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. These features contribute to impaired follicular development and reduced fertility potential in affected women. Recent advances have highlighted the importance of biomarkers in improving the assessment of ovarian reserve and reproductive capacity, with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) emerging as a particularly valuable indicator. Elevated AMH levels in women with PCOS reflect increased antral follicle counts and disrupted folliculogenesis, making AMH a useful tool in diagnosis and fertility evaluation. This brief review discusses the epidemiology and clinical features of PCOS, explores current concepts of its pathogenesis, and emphasizes the role of AMH in assessing fertility potential. Improved understanding of these mechanisms and the integration of reliable biomarkers such as AMH may enhance early diagnosis, individualized treatment strategies, and reproductive outcomes for women with PCOS.
Johann Friedrich Müller (2025) studied this question.