Pulsed electromagnetic field drives osteogenic and suppresses adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling to ameliorate osteoporosis

co-administration of XAV-939 markedly attenuated these therapeutic benefits. Our findings establish that PEMF ameliorates osteoporosis by acting as a physical activator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in BMSCs, thereby rectifying their differentiation bias, and present a novel mechanism-based non-invasive strategy.