• 4,4’-Methylenedianiline induces liver tumors in rodents. • A genotoxic mode of action is not supported by the presented data. • Chromosomal damage occurs only at overtly hepatotoxic dose levels. • Sustained liver damage triggers cytotoxic-regenerative proliferation. • This is consistent with a non-genotoxic mode of action.
Elif et al. (2026) studied this question.