Summary Assembloids are self-organizing three-dimensional structures formed by integrating distinct organoids or incorporating specialized cell types into organoids, providing enhanced cellular diversity, structural complexity, and physiological relevance. This review summarizes recent strategies for incorporating vascular, neural, and immune components into organoids and for assembling multiple organoid types. Key factors of assembloid formation, such as cell source, intercellular interactions, cytokine signaling, and extracellular matrix properties, are discussed. Advances in bioengineering have enhanced the scalability and precision of assembloid generation. By combining biological and technical perspectives, this review offers guidance for the efficient assembloid construction and highlights their application in disease modeling, drug screening, and future clinical translation.
Li et al. (Fri,) studied this question.