Interconnective PLLA porous scaffolds obtained using combination of material extrusion 3D printing and thermally induced phase separation methods

• Biodegradable PLLA scaffolds with macro - and micro - scale interconnectivity were designed using a 3D-printed sacrificial template combined with the TIPS technique. • The properties of scaffolds fabricated by conventional TIPS, TIPS-SL, and the innovative 3D-template-assisted method were systematically compared. • While TIPS-SL scaffolds showed high porosity but low interconnectivity and weak mechanical strength, the 3D-template-based approach produced scaffolds with highly permeable interconnected channels and good mechanical integrity. • The developed method provides an effective strategy for fabricating resorbable PLLA scaffolds with enhanced biocompatibility and strong potential for advanced tissue regeneration.