Evaluation of computational fluid dynamics in high-rate pond designs: Challenges and future perspectives

High-Rate Algal Ponds (HRAPs) have gained attention as sustainable systems for wastewater treatment and microalgae cultivation. The definition and optimization of these bioreactors design parameters are crucial for advancing algae cultivation technologies that are both economically and environmentally sustainable. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research on the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in HRAP design and optimization, covering the period from 2012 to 2026. A detailed review of 52 selected publications reveals an emerging research field characterized by limited but impactful scientific output, predominantly from China, the United States, Spain, England, Italy, France and India. The analysis identifies key research trends, including hydrodynamic modeling, geometric optimization of ponds, and the influence of mixing mechanisms on biomass productivity and energy efficiency. Technological advances such as modified paddlewheels, vortex-induced vibration systems, baffles, and integrated CFD-biokinetic models are highlighted as strategies to reduce dead zones (DZ) and enhance light/dark cycles. Despite promising results, major challenges remain regarding scale-up, energy consumption, and standardization of methodologies. This study underscores the potential of CFD as a decision-support tool for advancing HRAPs toward real-scale applications and offers insights into future directions for research and innovation in the field.