Pig blood-derived amino acid-chelated calcium alleviates salt stress in tomato plants by enhancing calcium homeostasis, ion balance, and antioxidant capacity

Key Points

• The aim is to evaluate the effects of pig blood-derived amino acid-chelated calcium on tomato plants under salt stress.
• Synthesized amino acid-chelated calcium from pig blood-derived protein hydrolysates.
• Assessed calcium uptake and ion balance in tomato plants.
• Evaluated antioxidant capacity through oxidative damage markers.
• Amino acid-chelated calcium increased K⁺ uptake and reduced Na⁺ accumulation significantly.
• Enhanced calcium homeostasis improved overall plant health under salt stress.
• Activated AsA-GSH cycle and phenolic biosynthesis led to decreased oxidative damage.