Biofilms, complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular matrix, pose a significant threat to human health due to their increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and ability to evade host immune responses.Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing biofilm formation and regulation is crucial for developing effective strategies to control biofilm-associated infections.This review examines the intricate molecular processes underlying biofilm development, highlighting key factors such as quorum sensing, extracellular polymeric substance production, and surface adhesion.Furthermore, we will explore the complex interplay between environmental cues, bacterial signalling, and gene expression in regulating biofilm formation.A thorough understanding of these molecular mechanisms is essential for developing innovative and effective approaches to prevent, treat, and control biofilm-related infections, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.However, several regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood, and variability across bacterial species, along with challenges in clinical translation, continues to limit the effectiveness of current biofilm control strategies.
Perumal et al. (Mon,) studied this question.