Taekwondo competition rules underwent profound transformations between 2012 and 2026, driven by the need for transparency and to increase spectator appeal. This study analyzed the regulatory evolution of taekwondo and its impact on match dynamics and performance. To this end, we reviewed official World Taekwondo documents and scientific literature to synthesize changes in scoring, technology, and combat structure. The main results indicated that evolution was marked by the progressive implementation of the Protector Scoring System (PSS), expanding from torso-only in 2012 to head and sock sensors in 2017. The 2022 reform introduced the “Best of Three” system, resetting scores every round and capping at five gam-jeom (penalties) per round. By 2026, updates integrated sensing gloves for punches and a 60 cm “Warning Area” for spatial awareness. Scoring reforms increased the value of complex techniques, such as raising turning head kicks to six points (2026). Penalty frameworks transitioned from a 10-penalty disqualification limit (2017) to a 5-penalty round-loss threshold (2022). Structural changes included the transition to octagonal arenas and streamlining Instant Video Review by removing head-kick reviews when the PSS is used (2026). Analysis of the scientific literature indicates that these regulatory shifts have increased combat intensity, with studies reporting a rise in post-combat lactate levels and higher kinematic demands, forcing athletes to adopt more offensive technical-tactical strategies. In conclusion, the regulatory trajectory has modernized taekwondo into a more dynamic, technologically driven, and physically demanding sport. The shift to independent round scoring and 2026 updates prioritizes explosive performance and spectator clarity, requiring training protocols to adapt to the increased anaerobic and strategic demands.
Almeida et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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