What does this research mean for the field?

Water and soil irrigated by the textile waste-contaminated Dravyavati River exhibit severe heavy metal contamination, particularly lead, nickel, and arsenic, posing significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to local populations. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.INCREMENTAL. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

This study aims to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in water and soil near the Dravyavati River and assess associated human health risks.

June 1, 2026Discover Public Health0 citationsOpen Access

Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in water and soil irrigated by the textile waste contaminated Dravyavati River based on USEPA guidelines

BMBabusha Mittal PKPriti Kaushik

Key Points

This study aims to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in water and soil near the Dravyavati River and assess associated human health risks.
Analyzed water and soil samples from villages adjacent to the Dravyavati River during the dry season.
Conducted Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis with three replicate measurements per sample (n = 3).
Performed human health risk assessment based on USEPA guidelines to evaluate non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.
Soil showed significant lead (27.30–41.95 mg Kg−1) and zinc (38.60–83.0 mg Kg−1; highest levels in Sukhdevpura), while water had lead at 0.15 mg L−1 and nickel at 0.34 mg L−1, exceeding WHO limits.
Risk assessment indicated non-carcinogenic hazards (HI > 1) primarily due to lead and nickel, with arsenic posing a carcinogenic risk (CR > 10−4).
Identified textile effluent as a major source of contamination, with immediate remediation needed in high-risk areas.

Abstract

This comprehensive study investigates heavy metal concentration in water and soil during the dry summer season across the villages adjacent to the Dravyavati River, Jaipur, India. The detailed analysis of water and soil samples from Sukhdevpura, Mohanpura, Badh Shyopur, Bas Beelwa and Ashawala revealed elevated levels of certain heavy metals by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis with three replicate measurements (n = 3), per sample following USEPA. Soil revealed high lead (27.30–41.95 mg Kg− 1), Zinc (38.60–83.0 mg Kg− 1; highest Sukhdevpura) and Nickel (18.65–72.65 mg Kg− 1; highest Sukhdevpura) while water showed lead hotspots (0.15 mg L− 1, Sukhdevpura) and Ni (0.34 mg L− 1), exceeding (WHO, 2006) limits. Pollution indices indicated moderate-severe contamination (geoaccumulation index, I geo lead 3.32 water; Pollution load index > 1 soils). USEPA- based human health risk assessment revealed elevated non- carcinogenic risk (HI > 1), primarily driven Pb and Ni exposure through irrigation water and soil. Carcinogenic risk for As exceeded the acceptable threshold (CR > 10− 4), highlighting potential long- term health concerns for the exposed population. Multivariate analyses identified textile-effluent lead and zinc as a dominant anthropogenic factor. Soil analysis highlighted Mohanpura as a lead-zinc outlier, while water analysis pointed Sukhdevpura copper-zinc-arsenic hotspot. Cluster analysis formed distinct site grouping, showing moderate pollution sites and high-risk soil requiring immediate remediations. Elevated Pb and Ni pose public health threats including child neurodevelopmental delays, renal dysfunction urging effluent controls, farmer, public awareness and bioremediation.

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