Aqueous-softened, organic solvent-free hot-melt extrusion of Centella asiatica biomass into multifunctional bio-based materials

Key Points

• The aim is to explore solvent-free processing of Centella asiatica biomass for creating functional materials.
• Aqueous-softened hot-melt extrusion was employed for processing C. asiatica biomass.
• Continuous processing established dual fractions: CA Solution and CA Sphere.
• Biocompatibility under inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions was assessed.
• CA Sphere formulations effectively adsorbed rhodamine B and tetracycline.
• Hot-melt extrusion increased accessibility of triterpenoids and enhanced antioxidant responsiveness.
• Demonstrated biocompatibility under various stress conditions.