Integrative Analysis of Genetic Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Mendelian Randomization and Single‐Cell RNA Sequencing Validation

Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy with complex genetic underpinnings. Understanding the causal relationships between genetic factors and AML risk is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. Methods We conducted a comprehensive Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate causal effects of 10 genetic exposures on AML risk using multiple analytical methods including inverse‐variance weighted, weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode, and MR‐Egger regression. Single‐cell RNA sequencing analysis was performed to validate gene expression patterns and investigate cellular heterogeneity in AML. Quality control, clustering analysis, and cell type annotation were conducted to characterize the expression profiles of identified risk genes. Results MR analysis revealed heterogeneous causal effects across genetic exposures. Three genes demonstrated significant protective effects: COL11A2 (OR: 0.425–0.481), MTHFD1 (OR: 0.142–0.151), and SERPINA10 (OR: 0.426–0.560). Seven genes showed risk‐increasing effects: SPATA20 , PDE5A , ANXA11 , FUT10 , TXNL4B , RNASET2 , and TCL1A , with PDE5A showing the strongest risk association (OR > 8.0). Single‐cell analysis identified 17 distinct cell populations and 14 cell types, revealing cell‐specific expression patterns of these risk genes across different hematopoietic lineages. Conclusions This integrative approach provides robust evidence for causal relationships between specific genetic factors and AML risk, offering insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets at the cellular level.