Toward Next-Generation Membrane Distillation Systems: Recent Advances in Productivity and Energy Efficiency

Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising thermal-based desalination technology that operates at moderate temperatures and is compatible with alternative energy sources. Despite these advantages, the large-scale adoption of MD remains limited due to challenges in energy consumption and permeate flux performance. This review critically examines recent strategies aimed at enhancing both water productivity and energy efficiency of MD systems. Key strategies include implementing novel process intensification techniques such as 3D-printed spacers, pulsation-driven flow, and gas bubbling, and integrating renewable energy sources such as solar energy, utilizing waste heat from industries, and introducing nanofluids to improve thermal conductivity. These innovations have demonstrated measurable improvements in heat transfer, vapor flux with an increment of 17–57% using 3D-printed spacers, and system scalability with a 30% energy reduction using renewable energy, and a 38 and 28% increase of GOR and COP, respectively. Unlike earlier reviews primarily centered on MD configurations and modeling, this study consolidates the most recent experimental advancements and outlines a roadmap for future research with an emphasis on optimizing energy utilization, maximizing water production, and advancing MD toward commercial viability.