Comparison studies between Cesium-137 and X-ray irradiators in epithelial injury using in vitro and in vivo models

Abstract Radiation-induced intestinal injury is a widely used model for studying mechanisms regulating tissue injury and regeneration. Traditionally, Cesium ( 137 Cs) radiation has been used in research applications, but over the past decade, X-ray irradiation has become increasingly favored due to its improved safety and non-radioactive profile. Since each type of radiation has distinct physical characteristics that drive its performance, we sought to systematically compare the effects of the X-ray and 137 Cs irradiators on intestinal epithelial injury and regeneration. Using established in vitro models, including colorectal cancer cell lines such as HCT116, RKO, and DLD-1, and mouse intestinal organoids, alongside an in vivo model, Bmi1-CreER ; Rosa26eYFP , we evaluated differences in transcriptional, protein, and histopathological responses to irradiation. Our results demonstrate that X-ray produced intestinal injury and regenerative responses comparable to those induced by 137 Cs, supporting its reliability as an alternative modality for studying intestinal radiation.