Mn 3 O 4 /biochar catalyst for enhanced PMS activation and antibiotic degradation via radical and non-radical pathways

Key Points

• This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an Mn3O4/biochar composite in activating peroxymonosulfate for antibiotic degradation.
• Utilization of Mn3O4/biochar composite for PMS activation
• Evaluation of metronidazole degradation pathways
• Investigation of redox cycling of manganese ions
• Mn3O4/biochar composite activated PMS, leading to substantial metronidazole degradation.
• Degradation mechanisms utilized both radical (SO4·−/·OH) and non-radical (1O2) pathways.
• Mn2+/Mn3+/Mn4+ redox cycling significantly enhanced the catalytic process.