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June 4, 2026Artificial Intelligence ReviewOpen Access

Multimodal AI improves ECG-based CVD prediction performance ~2-6% over single-modality approaches.

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Why the study?

Despite advances in AI for ECG analysis, limitations persist regarding dataset diversity, class imbalance, rare condition underrepresentation, lack of external validation, limited model interpretability, computational expense, and constrained multimodal integration.

Does multimodal AI improve prediction over single-modality approaches in ECG-based cardiovascular disease classification?

Population

227 studies evaluating AI in ECG-based cardiovascular disease analysis

Comparison

Multimodal, self-supervised, transformer, and transfer learning AI models vs single-modality and traditional methods

Design

Systematic literature review following PRISMA methodology

Key result

Multimodal AI approaches frequently improved prediction performance over single-modality approaches in ECG-based cardiovascular disease classification, with many studies reporting gains of 2-6%.

Authors

MKManali KarandikarSSSuraj SawantSKSatish Kumbhar

Discussion

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Overview

May enhance ECG-based CVD prediction; extends multimodal evidence but leaves clinical adoption open pending validation.

Key Points

  • This review aims to assess the performance of AI in cardiovascular disease classification and evaluate various methodologies.
  • Systematic literature review following PRISMA methodology
  • Screened 490 records, selecting 227 studies for analysis
  • Investigated multimodal AI, Explainable AI, and advanced architectures
  • Multimodal AI approaches show improved performance with gains of 2-6% reported across studies
  • Interpretability is enhanced through Explainable AI methods, though dependent on context
  • Self-supervised and transfer learning methods exhibit potential in low-label scenarios

Study Design

Type

Systematic Review (n=227)

Structured PICO

Does multimodal AI improve prediction over single-modality approaches in ECG-based cardiovascular disease classification?

P
Population
227 studies evaluating multimodal AI, Explainable AI, and advanced architectures for ECG-based cardiovascular disease classification.
E
Exposure
Multimodal AI, Explainable AI (XAI), self-supervised, transformer, and transfer learning models
C
Comparator
Single-modality approaches and traditional methods
O
Outcome
Prediction performance and interpretability

Main Result

Effect estimate: 2-6% gain

Multimodal AI approaches in ECG-based cardiovascular disease classification frequently improve performance by 2-6% compared to single-modality methods, though challenges in interpretability and validation remain.

Limitations

  • Limited dataset diversity
  • Class imbalance
  • Underrepresentation of rare conditions
  • Lack of external validation
  • Black-box models with limited interpretability
  • Computationally expensive deep and hybrid architectures
  • Constrained multimodal integration
  • limited dataset diversity
  • class imbalance
  • underrepresentation of rare conditions
  • lack of external validation
  • black-box models with limited interpretability
  • computationally expensive deep/hybrid architectures

Cite This Study

Karandikar et al. (2026) conducted a systematic review in Cardiovascular disease (n=227). Multimodal AI and advanced architectures vs. Single-modality approaches and traditional methods was evaluated on Prediction performance (2-6% gain). Multimodal AI approaches frequently improved prediction performance over single-modality approaches in ECG-based cardiovascular disease classification, with many studies reporting gains of 2-6%.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a211670d499ed480b16f583https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11592-9
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